- Typed or multigraphed works
- Action in matters of food security, Thesis for the postgraduate doctorate in development law, University of Nice, Institute of Peace and Development Law, June 1982, 481 p., First prize ex aequo of the Third World Association (ISMEA, F. Perroux)
- Analytical and informative bibliography on emergency food aid and its impact on local food production in developing countries, Report submitted to UNDRO, United Nations , Geneva, September 1985, 25 p.
-State, civil societies, development: the example of Mauritania, Contribution to the round table on the contemporary State in Africa, Center for Black African Studies, EHESS, Paris, December 12-13, 1985, 21 p.
-State and society in Mauritania, 1946-1986, On the historicity of politics in Africa, Thesis for the State doctorate in political science, University of Paris 1, January 1990, 4 volumes including annexes and addendum, 852 p., Subsidy from the Ministry of National Education for publication
- Approach to realities in the Mauritanian public service, Report for CEGOS, Paris, May 1990, 23 p.
-The concept of volunteering, in Proceedings of the conference “Volunteers and development: cooperation in motion”, French Association of Volunteers for Progress and DESS Development and cooperation, March 24, 1994, University of Paris 1, Sorbonne, pp14 to 17 -L
' Europe facing “new threats”, Working document, Galatasaray University, department of international relations, January 2001, 11 p.
-Global governance: the return of North-South, Working document, “Governance in the South”, Paris Meeting, October 29 and 30, 2003, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Directorate of International Cooperation and Development, pp 27 at 30
-International relations, mimeographed course, Franco-Belarusian Center for Political Science and European Studies, volume 1 (Theories), 2004; volume 2 (The actors), 2005; volume 3 (The international system), 2006; volume 4 (Foreign policy), 2007

Published articles
-“Evolution of third world boutiques.
What results? A European perspective”, Ideas and Action Review, World Campaign against Hunger/Action for Development (FAO), n° 159, Rome, December 1984, pp 21 to 28 (article translated into English and Spanish) - “The function public in rural Africa”, El Idari, ENA review, n° 1, Nouakchott, June 1986, pp 31 to 35
- “The awakening of Mauritania to modern political life, 1946-1956”, Revuemauritanienne de law and economics, n° 2, Nouakchott, 2nd quarter 1987, pp 4 to 6
- “The awakening of Mauritania to modern political life, 1956-1961”, Revuemauritanienne de Droit et d’Économie, n° 3 , Nouakchott, 1st quarter 1988, pp 12 to 16
- “Mauritania-Senegal: the events of spring 1989”, Etudes polemologique, Paris, n° 51, December 1989, pp 33 to 59
- “Modern judge and Muslim law: the case of Mauritania”, Contemporary Africa, Paris, n° 156, special issue on justice in Africa, 4th quarter 1990, pp 261 to 267
- “The Mauritanian political system”, Original version, the quarterly reflection, Paris, n° 4, 1994, pp 333 to 344
- "Origin and evolution of political parties and groups in Mauritania", Politiqueafricaine, Paris, n° 55, October 1994, pp 20 to 30
- "Mitterrand l'Africain", Politique Africaine, Paris, n° 58, June 1995, pp 5 to 24
- "The contradictions of France's African policy", Cahier du GEMDEV, Paris, n° 24, June 1996, pp 61 to 66
- "The difficult integration of cooperation in “European scale”, Revue TiersMonde, Paris, n° 151, July-September 1997, vol.
XXXVIII, pp 519 to 538 -“Mauritania”, Africa Contemporary Record, Annual Survey and Documents, Volume XXIII, 1990-92, Africana Publishing Company, New York and London, 1998, pp B 99 to B 106
-“The African policy of France in transition”, African Politics, Paris, no. 71, October 1998, pp 91 to 106
- “Geopolitics of Turkey from the Grand Chessboard of Zbignew Brzezinski”, International Studies, Quebec, volume XXXIII, no. 1, March 2002, pp 137 to 157
- “The rise of Islamism in East Africa”, Géopolitique Africaine, Paris, n° 12, autumn 2003, pp 243 to 254
- “Democracy and development”, Revue Tiers Monde, Paris, n° 179, July-September 2004, vol. XLV, pp 487 to 513

Works
- Tribes, ethnic groups and power in Mauritania, Paris, Karthala, 1992, 437 p.
Robert Cornevin Prize 1993 from the Overseas Academy of Sciences. Republished in the Classics Karthala collection, 2010. Translated into Arabic, 2014 (Joussour/Ponts editions). -New threats.
North-South relations from the 1980s to the present day, Paris, Karthala, 2001, 257 p., “Booksellers' favorite” Fnac des Halles, Paris - Belarus, Paris, Karthala, 2006, 160 p.
-Introduction to international relations, Paris, Karthala, 2008, 224 p.
-The Revenge of the South, Paris, L’infini, 2010, 263 p.
Mirabaud Prize 2011 from the International North-South Media Forum, Geneva. Second edition, Paris, L’infini, 2012, 247 p. -Baïkal (with Ludmila Marchesin), Paris, L’infini, 2010, 96 p.
Second edition, Paris, L'infini, 2012, 139 p. - Belarus: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Geodesic arc of Struve, Nesvizh, Mir (with Ludmila Marchesin), Paris, L'infini, 2011, 126 p.
-Kamtchatka (with Ludmila Marchesin), Paris, L’infini, 2014, 135 p.
-May 68 Confession of a little seminarian, Lyon, Editions Baudelaire, 2018, 122 p.
-French cooperation policy.
I help you, me neither, Paris, 2021, L'Harmattan, 684 p. -Inclusive development and the fight against global inequalities, Paris, 2021, L'Harmattan, 130 pages.

Directorate of works
- Permanent Observatory of French Cooperation, Report 1995, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1995, 184 p.
Permanent Observatory of French Cooperation, Report 1996, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1996, 163 p.

Direction of journal issue
- Mitterrand and Africa, Politique Africaine 58, Paris, Karthala, June 1995, 191 p.

Contributions to collective works
- “The policy of villagization in East Africa.
Comparative study: Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda”, in Water policies in Africa. Agricultural development and peasant participation (under the direction of G. Conac, F. Conac and Cl. Savonnet-Guyot), Paris, Economica, 1985, pp 315 to 338 - “The political and constitutional evolution of Mauritania”, in Le grand Maghreb, Socio-political data and integration factors of the Maghreb States (studies brought together by A. Claisse and G. Conac), Paris, Economica, 1988, pp 73 to 85
-“Elite training and administrative system: the case of Mauritania”, in Le grand Maghreb, op.
cit., pp 314 to 321 -“Democracy in Mauritania (1978-1991).
End of the desert crossing? », in Africa in transition towards political pluralism (under the direction of G. Conac), Paris, Economica, 1993, pp 331 to 340 - “Political science and development”, in State of knowledge on development. Three decades of social sciences in French (under the direction of C. Choquet, O. Dollfus, E. Le Roy and M. Vernières), Paris, Karthala, 1993, pp 97 to 116
-“The mystery of figures or the opacity of French development aid system”, in Permanent Observatory of French Cooperation, Report 1995, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1995, pp 19 to 55
- “El sistema politico mauritano”, in Sistemas politicos del Magreb actual (coordinado por M . Hernando de Arramendi y B. Lopez Garcia), Madrid, Mapfre, 1996, pp 285 to 348
- “French aid figures in 1996”, in Permanent Observatory of French Cooperation, Report 1996, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer , 1996, pp 13 to 25
- "Public development aid in 1997", in Permanent Observatory of French Cooperation, Report 1997, Paris, Karthala, 1997, pp 11 to 29
- "The contradictions of African development policy France and their consequences on the construction of the State in Africa", in GEMDEV, The avatars of the State in Africa, Paris, Karthala, 1997, pp 115 to I22
- "The cooperation policy of France in Africa" ​​in Alain Nonjon (coordination), Africa of new desires, Paris, ellipses, 2011, pp37 to 46
- “Inequalities and development” in Dario Battistella (coordinator), International Relations.
Assessment and perspectives, Paris, Ellipses, 2013, pp 443 to 460 - “The Securitization of Aid: The Case of France”, in Stephen Brown and Jörn Grävingholt (eds), The Securitization of Foreign Aid, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, pp. 64 to 84.

Miscellaneous
-Reading note of the work of Jean Merlo, An experience of awareness-raising by survey in a popular environment, in Bibliographic Bulletin INSEE, Cooperation Service, Paris, n° 6, 1984, pp 55 to 59 -In
collaboration with Mireille Lafond, summary of the debates of the conference on The Supreme Courts and High Courts of Africa, in The Supreme Courts in Africa I, Organization, Purposes, Procedure (under the direction of Gérard Conac), Paris, Economica, 1988, pp 51 to 70
- Point of view on the political situation in Mauritania, Faim Développement Magazine, CCFD, Paris, n° 92, January 1993, p.
7 - “Social structures in Mauritania”, contribution to the booklet of the exhibition dedicated to Mauritania, Musée d’Aquitaine, Bordeaux, June-October 1993
- “The difficult construction of the State”, ibid.
-Reading note of the work by Pierre-François Gonidec, African International Relations, in Revue Tiers monde, Paris, n° 153, January-March 1998, vol.
XXXIX, pp 236 and 237 - “Africa and the new challenges of international security”, Tropical and Mediterranean Markets, Paris, n° 3000, special edition, May 9, 2003, p.
951 - “Introduction” to the First Seminar of the Regional Certificate of European Higher Studies “Eastern enlargement of the European Union and the new neighbors”, Les Cahiers du Club Européen, Franco-Belarusian Faculty of Political Science and Education European Studies, European University of Human Sciences, Minsk, July 2004, pp 6-7
-“Editorial”, The Minsk event, Journal of European and Francophone Questions, Franco-Belarusian Faculty of Political Science and European Studies, University European Social Sciences, Minsk, number 5, January 2004 and number 6, June 2004.
- “Revenge for the South”, Le Monde, October 30, 2010 (abridged version) and Lemonde.fr, Débats, October 29, 2010 (version complete).
Article selected in Revising your baccalaureate with Le Monde, Géographie, Paris, rue des écoles, 2011, pp 78-79. -“Public development aid misguided”, Mediapart, March 30, 2012 (Guests of Mediapart)
-“The big shift”, Le fil de Par1s, n° 20, April 2012 (Experts' words).
-“Beyond the intervention in Mali, the necessary reform of ODA”, Mediapart, Edition: Mediapart guests, February 22, 2013
-“Do democracy and development go hand in hand?
», interview with Emmanuel Juste, Défis Sud, Brussels, number 111, February-March 2013, pp 8 to 10 - “A virtuous model of sustainable development”, Breadcrumb section, Chaosinternational, July 2014.
-“I help, me neither”, Mediapart, (Le Club de Mediapart), May 5, 2021.
-“The myth of unbound aid”, African Business, IC Publications, September 10, 2021.
-“French cooperation policy: “aid-interest”, International Review of Development Policy (Geneva), 13.1, 2021 (Open Issue).
https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/4698 - “French cooperation policy: aid-exchange”, International Review of Development Policy (Geneva), 13.1, 2021 (Open Issue).
https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/4719 -“Development aid: what is France doing? », The Conversation, January 5, 2022.

-Series of conferences on Africa at the Military Information and Documentation Center for Overseas Territories, Versailles, 1991-1992
-Presentation of the work “Tribes, ethnic groups and power in Mauritania”, Radio France Internationale, 16 June 1992
- Presentation of the work “Tribes, ethnic groups and power in Mauritania”, Center for Black African Studies, Bordeaux, November 3, 1992 -
Intervention at the GEMDEV seminar on the State in Africa, “The Tribal State in the Sahelian zone”, Paris, November 1993
-Conference on “New threats”, French Institute of Istanbul, November 28, 2001
-Conference on “Democracy and development”, University Institute of Development Studies, Geneva, May 16, 2003
-Presentation of the work “The Revenge of the South”, Maison fraternelle, Paris, April 2, 2010.
-Presentation of the work co-written with Ludmila Marchesin, “Baïkal”, Maison fraternelle, Paris, June 29, 2010.
-Participation at a round table “Au Sud, le center du monde” with Claude Meyer and Pierre Beckouche, for the program Contre-expertise, France culture, August 26, 2010.
-Participation in a round table “The global economy is changing” she?
» with Wu Jianmin, Saskia Sassen, Gopalan Balachandran and Jean-Jacques Fontaine, 27th international North-South Media forum, Geneva, October 10, 2011. -Intervention on “Le E 7”, Foreign Affairs Committee, Union of Listeners' Associations of the Institute of Advanced National Defense Studies, Paris, October 26, 2011.
-Presentation of the work co-written with Ludmila Marchesin, “Belarus: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Geodesic Arc of Struve, Nesvizh, Mir”, Maison fraternelle, Paris , December 10, 2011.
-Hearing on university cooperation, Mission on France's external action in terms of research and development, Senate, July 1, 2013.
-Presentation of the work co-written with Ludmila Marchesin, “Kamtchatka », Town hall of the 5th arrondissement, Paris, June 20, 2014.
-Intervention on the theme “Cooperation, technical or political?
» as part of the seminar “Reinventing politics. Actors, practices, discourses, formal and informal places”, EHESS, March 31, 2015. -Conferences “Another look at Africa”, Professional Master 2 International Cooperation Africa Middle East, UFR of History, University Paris 1 Panthéon- Sorbonne, Intercultural Seminar, October 16 and 23, 2018, Malher Center.
-Intervention on development aid, Paris City Hall, April 12, 2021 (videoconference).
-Interview with Hichem Ben Yaïche and Nicolas Bouchet on the book French cooperation policy.
I help you neither, Paris L'Harmattan, 2021, Afrikan Banker, IC Publications, August 11, 2021. -Interview carried out by Justine Brabant, journalist at Mediapart, in anticipation of a series of six articles on the French Agency development, September 2, 2021.
-Recording of a podcast on public development assistance with Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, France director of the NGO ONE, October 29, 2021.
-Presentation of the book French cooperation policy.
I won't help you either, in front of the study group 60 years of French development cooperation, EHESS-CNRS (zoom), December 8, 2021. -Webinar presentation of the book French cooperation policy.
I help you, me neither, GEMDEV, January 20, 2022. -Intervention during the online meeting organized by the EELV Transnational Commission on public development aid: “What aid for what development?
», March 15, 2022. -Conference on public development assistance based on French cooperation policy.
I help you, me neither, Faculty of Law of Chambéry, Conferences on comparative political life, session 2022, April 5, 2022. -Participation in the program Le Cours de l'histoire on France Culture on the History of politics cooperation of the European Union, program hosted by Xavier Mauduit, Maison de la radio, April 21, 2022.